![]() Subjective evaluation of speech by four laypersons The/s/sound was selected for spectrographic analysis since this fricative is considered especially sensitive to morphological changes in the maxillary incisors and is common in most languages throughout the world. This parameter is defined as the maximum frequency of the band width of the fricative sound, represented in the wide-band spectrogram as the range of maximum greyness. Wide-band spectrography was used to analyze the upper boundary frequency of the fricative/s/. Sound intensity is measured on a spectrogram by darkness of shading. Spectrography is a technique widely used in phonetic research to prepare spectrogram or voice print. The Recorded speech samples were saved and assessed using PRAAT 5.0.47. ![]() The patients in both groups-LI (lingual) and LA (labial) read the standardized text aloud at T1, T2, T3 and T4. The/s/sound was selected since it is considered well suited for evaluating speech performance, and because this fricative is considered especially sensitive to morphological changes in the maxillary incisors and is common in most languages throughout the world. The assessment of/s/in the terminal position was not done since no Kannada word ends with this fricative. Acoustic analysis of the/s/sound in the initial position of the word “surya” (W1) and the middle position in the word “bassu” (W2) was performed by digital spectrographs. The Four words “surya”, “brush”, “surya” and “bassu” were selected from the list of 58 words from the Test of Articulation in Kannada. Objective analysis of articulation using PRAAT ![]() This study was designed with the following objectives: If parameters are available to predict the level of inconvenience caused by lingual appliance system, they would help the orthodontist in counselling the patient about the associated difficulties with this treatment modality, thus, helping the patient in decision making when opting for it. Lingual orthodontic patients are usually informed that there may be some speech difficulty and tongue discomfort associated with the insertion of the appliance whose intensity and duration is not yet clearly documented in orthodontic literature. Lingual placement of the brackets, hence, appears problematic in terms of articulation. This outstanding advantage over other therapies is, however, eclipsed by the drawback that the bracket placement on the lingual surface entails a substantial, albeit temporary, change in the morphology of the lingual tooth surface due to the brackets and thus of the second articulation zone. The lingual technique offers the most esthetic orthodontic treatment option at present. However, the only true solution to the poor esthetics of the conventional fixed orthodontic appliances is to attach the appliances to the lingual surfaces of the teeth. The quest of esthetics has expanded the inventory at the orthodontist's disposition-brackets made of plastic and porcelain, coated arch wires, plastic aligners-all with the sole aim to make the braces less visible. The esthetic revolution in dentistry has not left orthodontics untouched. ![]()
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